The imperial expansion of 1860-1914 is often referred to as the new imperialism, given the first wave of territorial acquisitions that occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries. This expansion deepened the process of colonization by Europeans in Africa and Asia, by Japan in East Asia, and by the United States in Central America and Asia. It was an aggressive expansion of overseas territories, a “white man's burden,” establishing a half-century of political and economic domination. This essay attempts to describe the sources and responses of this process. Sources: Markets driven by industrialization acted as a catalyst: This period is also characterized by an increased strengthening of heavy industries, factories and a more global presence of industries in France, Japan and the United States. giving them a reason for territorial expansion. Rapid industrialization led to an increase in production and until now, known luxury products became mass consumption products, but this required a robust supply chain. It was therefore necessary to identify the places which could supply raw materials and those which would procure them for consumption, which could be easily satisfied by the colonies. Colonial powers competed for market share, driven by the need for cheaper raw materials, labor and higher profits. Industrialization also allowed the development of a military war industry which gave them an advantage over their adversaries, such as in a battle between the British and the Sudanese in 1898, where the British lost 368 men to the 11,000 Sudanese. or during the defeat of China by Japan (1894) and Russia (1905). Notion of Racial Superiority: The New Age colonizers lacked some of the egalitarian worldview of the Age of Enlightenment, they were marred by the idea that by virtue of being......in the middle paper.... .. within the colonizers themselves on the legitimacy of their actions. Subjugation also led the colonies to introspect their systems and approaches, thus paving the way for reforms to their systems of governance. After losing Taiwan and its tributary Korea to Japan in 1894-95, the Qing of China undertook the Hundred Days Reform in 1898. As imperial expansion was driven by commercial interests, the territorial powers invested heavily in roads , bridges, utilities, ports and railways. , and dams. They also brought technological advances such as electricity, telegraph, and telephone to the colonies, making global markets more interconnected. However, it has also spread virulent diseases, destroyed the environment and ecology, traditions and cultures. The subjugation and subsequent oppression fueled the colonies and mobilized in pan-Arabism, pan-Africanism.