IntroductionResearch on intelligence has been dominated by conceptualization and IQ (intelligence quotient) for decades. However, a popular argument against IQ is that it measures a narrower, more mathematical aspect of intelligence (Mackintosh & Mackintosh, 2011). This was noted by Gardner and Hatch (1989) who explored the concept of multiple intelligences and found that IQ was only a construct distinct from logical intelligence. It has also been said that IQ tests fail to account for the diversity of achievement in different contexts. Richardson (2002) reviewed the literature on IQ and suggested that IQ is not a measure of ability for complex cognition, but rather a measure of social background. These ideas contributed to the awareness of other intelligences, notably emotional intelligence (EI). Although its origins date back to early research on social intelligence, the term "emotional intelligence" was first coined by Salovey and Mayer (1990) who defined it as "a set of skills contributing to the evaluation and the precise expression of emotions, their use and their regulation. of emotion.” Later, Salovey and Mayer (1997) created a four-branched model of EI to further explain the concept and describe four abilities that define EI. These four abilities are: (i) perceiving emotions, (ii) facilitating thinking, (iii) understanding emotions and (iv) managing emotions. These are categorized hierarchically, from basic to more advanced processes. For example, “emotion management” (the fourth branch) involves more sophisticated abilities such as monitoring and reflecting on one's own emotions as well as those of others, including the ability to detach from an emotion. More recently, several studies have operationalized emotional intelligence as a trait, hence the popular term “emotional intelligence trait.” Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on “Why Violent Video Games Should Not Be Banned”? Get an original essay Several measures of aspects of EI have been published. One of the most common measures is the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, also known as MSCEIT, which asks individuals to solve eight tasks covering each of the four previously mentioned branches. Although Mayer et al. (2003), criticism has been leveled at the MSCEIT, suggesting that it is limited in what it measures. In recent years, the importance of employment insurance has been questioned. For example, if EI is a more important measure of general intelligence than IQ, this would have big implications for academic institutions and workplaces. Therefore, this essay will critically evaluate whether emotional intelligence is more important than IQ and the popular claim that it is the key to personal and professional success. Is EI a better measure of intelligence than IQ? For a long time, studies suggested that IE brought nothing new to intelligence research. However, in the early 2000s, evidence began to favor a distinction between EI and IQ. Rosete and Ciarrochi (2005) found that EI predicted leadership effectiveness and explained variance not explained by IQ or personality. Furthermore, a study by Van Rooy, Viswesvaran, and Pluta (2005) showed that ability-based measures of EI were not correlated with cognitive abilities or personality. Therefore, it is evident that EI is not only distinct from IQ, but alsoexisting personality constructs. . MSCEIT scores have also been shown to correlate with SAT verbal scores. In general, higher MSCEIT scores show less cognitive effort needed to solve emotional or social problems, as shown in an EEG study by Jausovec, Jausovec, and Gerlic in 2001. There is little evidence to suggest that EI is a better measure of intelligence than IQ. that EI may be a better measure for addressing emotion-related social-cognitive issues. Ciarrochi, Chan, and Caputi (2000) critically evaluated EI and found that EI was not related to IQ but to specific personality measures, such as empathy. Both EI and IQ were linked to individuals' ability to manage their mood. This suggests that IQ may still play a role in understanding emotional processes. Bastian, Burns, and Nettelbeck (2005) found that the common variance between EI and life skills decreased after accounting for influences related to personality and cognitive knowledge. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish whether a construct, for example EI, is only a better general measure of intelligence due to its overlap with IQ and personality factors. This is reinforced by a recent meta-analysis by van der Linden et al. (2017) who suggested that the general personality factor is synonymous with trait EI. Apparently, more consistent constructs have yet to be established to distinguish EI from personality factors and IQ. Does emotional intelligence contribute to better educational performance? Research has found ample evidence of the contribution of EI to academic achievement. In 1991, Hawkins, Von Cleave, and Catalano found that integrating EI courses into schools led to higher SAT scores. Petrides, Frederickson, and Furnham (2004) examined the role of trait EI in the academic achievement and deviant behavior of students in the United Kingdom. They found that the relationship between cognitive abilities and academic achievement was moderated by EI. Additionally, it was found that students with higher EI scores were less likely to be excluded. A similar study also showed that EI mediated the association between verbal IQ and GPA. On the other hand, some evidence has challenged this claim. A study by Rode et al. (2007) concluded that people receiving employment insurance must also be motivated to use it. Bastian, Burn, and Nettelback (2005) found small, statistically insignificant correlations between EI and academic achievement. In addition to this, some studies find correlations between EI and academic achievement that become insignificant after accounting for verbal IQ. This suggests that EI itself may not be a predictor of academic success. It is likely that EI plays a role in some aspects of academic performance, but further research is needed to understand this relationship precisely. Other research shows that only certain measures of EI predict academic success. In this study, none of the EI measures showed incremental predictive validity of academic achievement over cognitive (IQ) or personality variables. Does emotional intelligence bring more success at work? The contribution of EI to better performance in the workplace has major implications for businesses and organizations, particularly when it comes to choosing who to employ. As mentioned previously, Rosete and Ciarrochi(2005) found a significant relationship between EI and leadership effectiveness. However, Waterhouse (2006) reviewed theories of EI and claimed that there was a lack of consistent empirical evidence demonstrating that EI contributed to real-world success. This is understandable given that much research on this abstract concept relies on correlational data, which cannot prove a causal relationship. Waterhouse was criticized for reviewing a small selection of studies. Research continues to support that cognitive intelligence is the best predictor of job performance. Landy (2005) argued against using EI to predict job performance unless it directly contributes to workplace success. However, Cote and Miners (2006) suggest that EI is an important predictor of task performance due to its interactive effect with IQ. They also claimed that individuals who were emotionally intelligent, but had lower cognitive intelligence, could perform well at work because of their ability to manage conflict. This suggests that the social nature of certain work environments benefits emotionally intelligent people. However, more recent research has provided stronger evidence for the importance of EI in the workplace. A 2010 study by Shahzad, Sarmad, Abbas, and Khan examined four aspects of EI on employee performance in Pakistan's telecommunications sector. The results show a positive relationship between social awareness and relationship management on employee performance. Although still correlational, this study suggests that particular aspects of EI are what contribute to workplace success in a highly collectivist culture. In 2017, Miao, Humphrey, and Qian found that EI is negatively related to counterproductive work behaviors, while also finding that this effect is stronger in the health care and service sectors. Generally speaking, the data leans in favor of EI predicting success in the workplace. Does emotional intelligence predict personal success? Although the majority of research on EI focuses on relationships with career success, there is still evidence that EI is positively related to a more successful personal life. Schutte et al. In 2001, seven studies were conducted in the United States to examine the relationship between EI and interpersonal relationships. Each study showed a positive correlation between EI and each interpersonal variable. For example, individuals with higher EI scores showed more cooperative responses toward their partners. However, this report did not take into account extraneous variables that could have explained the associations, such as IQ. That said, other studies that controlled for personality traits such as general intelligence also found that those with higher EI scores were more interpersonally sensitive or more socially competent. Much research also suggests that EI leads to success in romantic relationships. A meta-analysis of 6 studies found a significant relationship between emotional intelligence traits and relationship satisfaction. Again, this relationship could be the result of different variables that were not taken into account. For example, Neyer and Voigt (2004) found that the perceived quality of a relationship was best predicted by an individual's personality traits. In a study where EI was assessed as..