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Essay / The Lasting Effects of Title IX on Gender Equality in...
IntroductionAmerican culture places great importance on athletics; including the popular sports of football, basketball and baseball. Many children are encouraged to play sports from a young age by their parents. Some parents believe that participating in team sports instills discipline, teamwork, and the values of hard work and perseverance in their children. Before the 1970s, masculinity was a concept rooted in athletics, and since the 1970s it has only slightly diminished. By the early 1970s it became clear that legislation would be needed to advance the cause of sporting equality between men and women. In 1972, a series of educational amendments to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were passed. One of the most influential parts of this amendment remains Title IX. Title IX states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination in any educational or training program." an activity benefiting from federal financial assistance. » (Kuhn, 1977) Since the passage of Title IX, there have been many more opportunities for men and women in all aspects of athletics (Preist, 2003). Although the number of participants in sports activities and the opportunities available to young people have increased significantly, the bill has also had negative effects. Many drastic changes have occurred in our society and in our sports since the passage of Title IX. Throughout this period of transition, changes in financial, cultural and social dynamics have taken place at all levels of the sport. FINANCIAL IMPACTS Since 1972, the United States has largely adopted this bill and many states have extended the changes created by Title IX to recreational sports programs. ...... middle of paper ......03). All projects IX: The impact of Title IX: The good, the bad and the ugly. Journal of Women in Sport and Physical Activity, 12(2), 27. Rosenthal, CS (2008). Sports discussion: how gender shapes the discursive framing of Title IX. Politics and Gender, 4(01), 65-92. Accessed March 30, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X08000032Stevenson, B. (2007). Title IX and the evolution of high school sports. Contemporary Economic Policy, 25(4), 486-505.Thelin, JR (2000). Good sport? Historical perspective on the political economy of intercollegiate athletics in the Title IX era, 1972-1997. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 391. Retrieved April 1, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649145Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972. (nd). Title IX, Education Amendments of 1972. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm