IntroductionParkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting the patient's motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson's disease was widely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article on this disease in 1817 (Lees, 2007). Although great progress has been made in understanding and treatment, Parkinson's disease is still considered an idiopathic disease (Lau and Breteler, 2006). Many areas of the disease process have been noted, but none has been identified as the primary causal process, and little has been consolidated into diagnostic procedures for identifying Parkinson's disease in living patients. Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, behind Alzheimer's disease, and affects 340,000 people in the United States (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, & Ronai, 2012). Pathophysiology The pathological process of Parkinson's disease is still unknown due to the difficulty of diagnosis. and the complexity of the neurological disorder. However, many factors have been identified in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Basal GangliaThe supporting cells of the central neurological system are the ganglion cells, basal in reference to their location at the base of the cerebral hemispheres (Obeso, Rodríguez‐Oroz, Benitez‐Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin and Rodriguez, 2008) . Abnormalities of these cells are the most widely accepted, including the motor dysfunction seen in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. These basal ganglia cells are innervated via the dopamine system, along with their target locations such as the thalamus and bra...... middle of paper ...... 2055.Obeso, JA, Rodríguez‐ Oroz, MC, Benitez‐Temino, B., Blesa, FJ, Guridi, J., Marin, C. and Rodriguez, M. (2008). Functional organization of the basal ganglia: therapeutic implications in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 23 (S3), S548-S559. doi:10.1002/mds.22062 Wakabayashi, K., Tanji, K., Odagiri, S., Miki, Y., Mori, F., & Takahashi, H. (2013). The Lewy body in Parkinson's disease and associated neurodegenerative disorders. Molecular Neurobiology, 47(2), 495. Meireles, J. and Massano, J. (2012). Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease: clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management. Frontiers in Neurology, 3, 88. Benabid, AL, Chabardes, S., Mitrofanis, J. and Pollak, P. (2009). Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol, 8(1), 67-81. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70291-6