The Representation of Ancient Leaders Throughout history, the idea of ​​what a leader is has evolved. In ancient societies, leadership style evolved from royal leadership to politically appointed emperors. The legacy of a throne and kingship faded after the world domination of Alexander the Great. Instead, rulers rose to power through their political and military prowess, and if their leadership was unsatisfactory, they were usually overthrown. With the evolution of leadership throughout antiquity, came the evolution of art depicting the leaders of the time. The personality and authority represented in the portraits use different means of expression. In the ancient Egyptian sculpture of King Menkaure and his Queen, an ancient Greek tetradrachm coin depicting Alexander the Great, and the sculpted portrait of Emperor Philip the Arab of Rome, it is evident that the depiction of ancient rulers in art evolves in accordance with the political climate. King Menkaure and Queen Khamerenebty ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom in ancient Egypt, circa 2533–2515 BCE. The 4th Dynasty is associated with the great pyramids of Giza. The growing wealth of the ruling families of the time is reflected in their large, elaborate royal portraits. The statue of King Menkaure and his wife, measuring 4'8 inches tall, was found in the Valley Temple of the Menkaure Pyramid in Giza. This is a good example of Old Kingdom royal tomb sculpture, although it is the earliest known work depicting a couple. The pair of statues of Menkaure and Khamerenebty illustrate both dignity and marital affection. The statue of King Menkaure and his queen clearly displays the Egyptian devotion to art in a canon of proportions. Its strictly frontal viewpoint, the rigid poses of the figures, and faithful adherence to established rules and customs can be interpreted as manifesting the nature of the Pharaoh's authority over his subjects while at the same time illustrating the highly regulated hierarchical structure of the 'Antiquity. Egyptian society. The measured grid of counterbalanced verticals and horizontals, the rigid artificial postures and the overall idealized anatomical shapes of the bodies combined with naturalism are indicative of the Egyptian taste for art and a representation of the character of Egyptian culture. Menkaoure's position seems affirmed, indica... ... middle of paper ...... also in his leadership style. The faithful reflection of Philippe's true outward image facilitates the realistic portrayal of him as a leader. In conclusion, the depiction of ancient rulers depends not only on the popular art style at the time, but also on the changing political climate. The depiction of Menkaure, an Old Kingdom pharaoh in ancient Egypt, is one of complete authority, control and power. His face shows neither concern nor sorrow towards his people, as he is not challenged politically, the image of control coincides with his sole power over the kingdom. While the representation of Alexander the Great, in ancient Greek coins, is deified. Alexander's leadership ended in world domination; therefore, its deified representation on monetary funds is particularly appropriate. On the other hand, the portrait-sculpture of Philip the Arab almost resembles a current photograph with its capture of ephemeral expressions. This expression of anxiety and sadness is a representation of the political unrest that marked the period of his reign. Given the progress of ancient cultures, how did the art of sculpture?