In Greek mythology, “Narcissism” has its roots in the legend of Narcissus, a young man whom most considered extremely handsome. A nymph named Echo developed an obsessive infatuation with Narcissus, but he was unwilling to reciprocate her or the others. She eventually gave up and isolated herself. Narcissus was then condemned to become socially isolated and vilified due to his total self-absorption in loving his own pool shadow (Wall & Loewenthal, 1998). Ellis (1898) first developed the concept of narcissism as a psychological construct referring to the excessive masturbation of people who become their own sexual objects. Subsequently, this concept was adopted by Sigmund Freud (1914/1957) and other prominent psychoanalysts. Narcissistic personality disorder was first introduced by Heinz Kohut (1968), the founder of self psychology, and "narcissistic personality" by Otto Kernberg (1970), who is the main contributor to modern theory object relations. The DSM did not adopt the diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder until the third revised edition published in 1980 (Siomopoulos, 1988). Thus, throughout the last century, the general term "narcissism" has generally been used in the literature rather than narcissistic personality disorder. According to a recent study by Pincus et al. (2009), narcissism has been conceptualized as “a person's ability to maintain a relatively positive self-image through a variety of self-, affect-, and field-regulatory processes.” It underlies individuals' needs for validation and affirmation as well as the motivation to overtly and covertly seek experiences of self-enhancement in the social environment” (p. 365). Normal and pathological narcissism. Researchers generally use the terms normal and pathological characteristics of narcissism to describe the adaptive and maladaptive personality structure, respectively, representing different psychological needs for self-enhancement, validation, and regulatory mechanisms (e.g., Kernberg 1998, Kohut 1977 , Morf 2006, Pincus 2005, Ronningstam 2009). , Pierre 1998). Some believe that normal and pathological narcissism lie on a single continuum or dimension from healthy to disordered functioning (e.g., Cooper, 2005; Miller, Hoffman, Campbell, & Pilkonis, 2008; Paulhus, 1998; Ronningstam, 2005b; Watson , 2005). while others argue that adaptive and pathological narcissism may be two distinct dimensions of personality (e.g., Ansell 2006, Dickinson & Pincus, 2003; Pincus et al., 2009; Rathvon & Holmstrom, 1996; Wink, 1991) . It has been noted that social and personality psychology studies are more interested in normal narcissism (e.g. Miller & Campbell, 2008 ), whereas clinical psychology researchers focus more on studies of pathological narcissism (e.g..