Throughout history, women in general have been subject to gender discrimination. The difficulties and challenges that women endured were based on cultural stereotypes that presented them only as someone's wife or mother, as if they were property. In the patriarchal and male-dominated societies that exist in many, if not all, parts of the world, women continue to be viewed as the “weaker sex” who need constant care and protection. It is this form of male chauvinism that leads to the abuse, repression and exploitation of women, particularly in developing countries and societies. In the United States, these beliefs were used to justify the suppression of women's rights for a period of time that kept and denied them their right to vote, an eminent fact. The sources first associated the acerbity of gender discrimination in the workplace. Jennifer Berdahl (2007) is a professor who explored this issue in her article “Gender-Based Harassment: Protecting Social Status in the Context of the Gender Hierarchy.” In her study, she focuses on research on sexual harassment, the harassment of women by men and how it has been combatted. It predicts levels of harassment by men in the workplace and the behaviors experienced by women. Berdahl (2007) states that “[the results revealed that] men are significantly less threatened than women…sexual coercion is the most threatening form of harassment…the results also showed signs of a backlash among men against organizational measures that combat sexual harassment and discrimination against women” (p. 657-8). In addition to workplace sex discrimination, Diploye and Colella (2005) published articles in The Organizational Frontier Series that provide data on issues of workplace discrimination and its effects. Throughout the book, they address multiple aspects of discrimination, including: individual and collective levels, age and gender. Speaking about gender discrimination, Dipboye and Colella (2005) state that “women are treated less favorably than men” (p. 149). Also based on this statement, the authors let the reader infer that they are discriminated against even when they are favored (harassment). It is therefore evident that the manifestation of gender discrimination is a problem in many countries.