For the third lesson, beware of the "political ideas trap", Wakatabe warned that once bad or negative ideas spread, it would be difficult to erase. During the second and third lessons, the author stated that "bad ideas", defeatism or political nihilism for example, can infiltrate media discourse and be shared "not only among policy makers but also with economists and the media. (p158) But I wondered how much these bad ideas would influence the actual outcome.