Tissue Culture:Tissue culture is a modern technique using the tissues and cells separated from the body using liquid, solid and semi-solid media.History and principle :In 1965, GEORGE MOREL, a French botanist was experimenting To obtain a virus-free orchid plant, during his study, he discovered that shoots of one millimeter in length could transform into complete seedlings. He named the process Micropropagation and it was the beginning of tissue culture. In 1970, developed countries started for commercial purposes. Initially, the technique was used for ornamental purposes, but later it began to be implemented to produce virus-free plants with desired traits, increased yields and flowering traits. Plants produced from tissue culture pass through different phases and media, thus they develop resistance to pests and diseases. Tissue culture is also known as mass cloning method. In tissue culture, an organ or a specific tissue is separated from the plant called ex plant, the separated organ or tissue is grown in special containers containing special nutritional media under controlled and desired conditions and temperature, the plant satisfies its nutritional needs from the sugar, different salts, amino acids, vitamins, etc. Selection of ex-plant and species: 1. species having regeneration problems due to poor seed production and germination, these plants are treated in such a way that the seeds are well developed. plants are used in seed feeding.2.species have desirable traits like ornamental traits, flowering traits, odor, yields etc.3.species important for commercial purposes.Advantages: Tissue culture has a wide range of advantages like 1.to use multiple copies of the same plant with better smell, flowers, fruits and many other desired properties which are middle of paper......re : 1. less time. 2. a large number of plants produced. 3.require less quantity of explant samples.4.efficient.5.easily applicable for commercial purposes.6.plants produced are genetically identical and we can preserve advantageous traits.7.only one parent is involved, so a special mechanism like pollination is not required.8. it is faster.9.healthy for humans.10.more yield.Disadvantages:1.plants lose vigor due to lack of genetic variation.2.overcrowding.3.lack of nutrition. 4.require skilled workers.5.expensive laboratory equipment.6.plants may be lost during transfer to the field.7.lose the genetic diversity of plants.8.all plants have the same genetic material and must cope to the same environmental challenges.9.a very rare new combination of traits occurs.10.sometimes the success rate is very low.(references:life scincee,biodiversityinternational,wekipidea