In the medical field, doctors and physicians have a responsibility not to harm a patient. “Doctors must refrain from providing ineffective treatment or acting maliciously towards patients. This principle offers little useful guidance to physicians, however, because many beneficial therapies also carry serious risks” (Pantilat, n.d.). From a medical malpractice perspective, this clearly goes against doing no harm to the patient. Autonomy is an act when an individual performs his or her actions based on his or her own character without the influence of others. “Autonomy is “the personal rule of the self that is free both from controlling interference from others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choice.” Autonomous individuals act intentionally, with understanding and without controlling influence” (Pantilat, nd). In this situation, a healthcare professional is responsible for their own actions and behaviors. This means that they are held responsible for the harm caused to the patient due to the medical malpractice committed. Justice is “the idea that the burdens and benefits of new or experimental treatments should be distributed equally among all groups in society.” Requires that procedures respect the spirit of existing laws and be fair to all stakeholders involved” (Pantilat,