Their identity may be broken by the process of dehumanization. A 2014 study on the use of torture on refugees recognizes that “torture aims to instill and reinforce a sense of helplessness and terror in victims and their communities, political or religious groups” (Lung). The psychological effect of fear and helplessness is profound. Other research findings indicate that torture causes sleep disturbances, insomnia and sexual dysfunction. These effects can last for long periods of time, even a lifetime. Torture is dehumanizing, both for the prisoner and their attacker. Michelle Maiese defined dehumanization as "the psychological process of demonizing the enemy, making him seem less than human and therefore unworthy of humane treatment," leading one person to readily inflict pain on another person. Inflicting it greatly reduces the cost of a life, which is detrimental to both lives. The greater the psychological distance between the parties, the easier it is to exclude the other from their sense of moral righteousness. Psychologically, it is essential to view the enemy as "subhuman in order to legitimize increased violence or justify violence ».