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Essay / Heat - 1195
Boundary layers are thin regions located next to the wall in the flow, where viscous forces are significant and affect the engineering process of producing materials. For example, viscous forces play an essential role in the stretching of fiberglass, the growth of crystals, the extrusion of plastic, etc.[1] The quality of the final product depends on the cooling rate during the process, therefore the thickness of the thermal boundary layer must be estimated. Blasius [2] studied the simplest boundary layer on a flat plate. He used a similarity transformation that reduces the partial differential equations of the boundary layer to a third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation before solving it analytically. The dynamics of boundary layer flow over a stretching surface comes from the pioneering work of Crane [3]. Later, various aspects of the problem were studied by Dutta et al. [4], Chen and Char [5], etc. Vajravelu [6] studied the flow and heat transfer in a viscous fluid on a nonlinear stretching sheet neglecting viscous dissipation, and then Cortell [7] presented his study on flow and heat. transfer to a nonlinear stretching sheet for two different types of thermal boundary conditions on the sheet, constant surface temperature and prescribed surface temperature. Nadeem et al. [8] studied the effects of heat transfer on the stagnant flow of a third-order fluid over a receding sheet. Recently, Prasad et al. [9] studied mixed convection heat transfer on a nonlinear stretching surface with varying fluid properties. Through recent studies, scientists have realized that devices need to be cooled more efficiently and that conventional fluids such as water are no longer suitable. , so the idea of adding nanometer-sized particles to the middle of a ......low paper is also studied.Nu= (xq_w)/(K(T_w-T_∞)) ,Sh = (xq_m )/(D_B (C_w-C_∞)),C_f=τ_w/(ρ〖〖 u〗_∞〗^2 ) (13)Here τ_w is the surface shear stress and q_w, q_m are the heat fluxes and of mass on the surface respectively and are defined as follows: τ_w=├ μ(∂u/∂y) ┤| y=0 (14)q_w=-K(T_w-T_∞ ) x^((n-1)/2) √(2&(n+1)a/2ν)θ^' (0) (15)q_m= -D_B (C_w-C_∞ ) x^((n-1)/2) √(2&(n+1)a/2ν)ϕ^' (0) (16) It is worth mentioning that the use of variables dimensionless Eq. 7, we can obtain the heat and mass transfer rate and skin friction coefficient as follows: Nu/√(2&〖Re〗_x )=-θ^' (0) (17)Sh/√(2&〖 Re〗_x ) =-ϕ^' (0)√(2&2〖Re〗_x )C_f=f^'' (0)As mentioned previously, there is no exact solution for case n≠1 we have therefore solved the highly nonlinear equations.(8) to (10) with the homotopy analysis method [HAM] as a semi-analytic technique which will be discussed in the next section of this article..