Professor Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow, writes that an existing racial caste system in America reflects Jim Crow laws which were "separate but "equal" from the Civil War until the passage of civil rights laws in the mid-1960s and continuing today. She is a graduate of Stanford Law School and Vanderbilt University and clerked for Justice Harry A. Blackmun on the United States Supreme Court and Chief Justice Abner Mikva on the State Court of Appeals -United for the Washington DC circuit. Subsequently, she served on the faculty at Sanford Law School as director of the Civil Rights Clinic before receiving a Soros Justice Fellowship and appointment to the Moritz College of Law and the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and ethnicity from Ohio State University. . Professor Alexander defended civil rights cases in private practice while associated with the law firm Saperstein, Goldstein, Demchak & Baller, with additional advocacy in the nonprofit sector, serving as Project Director of racial justice for the ACLU of Northern California.Alexander attempts to show, through cultural and historical analysis, policy decisions, law adoption, and statistical evidence dating back to the time of the old Jim Laws Crow, the delay in the advancement of civil rights of young black men and their mass incarceration. This event produces a false reality and perpetuates the history of racial discrimination that exists in America today through a "caste system" and legal framework that disguises itself as a "war on drugs." The practice of mass incarceration labels and demonizes these people to the point where they lose their right to vote, limit employment, are denied housing and education...... middle of paper.. ....ty and their survival as a group in society due to the federal government's restrictions on the ability to plead their fate in court. The author transitions between the past and present signatures of Jim Crow and the new Jim Crow by suggesting that the new Jim Crow, through mass incarceration and racism as a whole, marginalizes and relegates black people to residential service, educational and constitutionally endowed of the country. The final chapter of The New Jim Crow examines how the black community might respond to the racism that exists today. Some research suggests that we in America have reached a point of attrition when it comes to incarceration and that the positive effects outweigh the negative effects of marginalization and collateral damage to the community. Research shows 'war on drugs' causes poverty, unemployment, family breakdown and crime..