TitleIn the book Train to Pakistan, author Khushwant Singh recalls the brutal and unfortunate times when Muslims were forced to leave Mano Majra. They, along with the Hindu and Sikh population, lived in relative peace. But when it came time to change, chaos ensued. Several key people shared full responsibility for the expulsion of Muslims from Mano Majra; Although some had purer motivations than others, they all became aware of this unfortunate process. Hakum Chand was one of the characters in the book responsible for the expulsion of Muslims. He was not actively involved in the expulsion of Muslims; he wanted to expel them to keep the peace. His intentions were never malicious, but rather complacent. He encouraged Muslims to obey police orders. His philosophy was that even if you care about a subject, you should remain silent on the subject. In situations where it is better to speak out like this, Hakum Chand gave the dangerous advice to stay silent and accept what life throws at you. Another character responsible for the expulsion of the Muslims was the refugee boy at the end of the novel. It was not so much the boy himself who drove the Muslims out of Mano Majra, but rather the fact that he was an allegory for the broader ideologies of the new Sikh and Hindu refugees. In Mano Majra, Muslims were considered brothers with the Sikh and Hindu population and they got along well. But to the refugees from Pakistan who witnessed Muslim atrocities, they were hardened individuals seeking vendetta. They were no longer rational beings, but mad and bloodthirsty. The Muslims in the village knew that because of this, it was imperative that they leave the medium...worse still, they saw evil around them and did not even try to stop it. This is analogous to SS officers during Hitler's reign. When some officers were tried for war crimes, their defense was that they were acting on orders. This was an invalid defense in that case, as in the present case. The police were aware of the harm they were doing and did not try to stand up and end the hostility. Many different people and groups were responsible for the expulsion of Muslims. And although not all of them had bad intentions or negative feelings, their actions directly influenced the course of events that led the Muslims to leave Mano Majra. Perhaps if Iqbal had spoken out, or if Hakum Chand had fought against his personal philosophy, the fate of the Muslims of Mano Majra would have been a little better and they would continue to leave in peace..