According to the Toronto Environmental Office, vehicles are responsible for 35% of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced in Toronto (City of Toronto , 2011), and the Clean Air Partnership estimates that idling in the GTHA wastes 90 million liters of fuel each year (ibid), further supporting the need to address congestion and congestion through policies effective government. A municipality, province, country or continent can completely control the air in which its residents breathe. Moreover, each has its own authority to maintain the air quality of its residents, but cannot control air pollution from neighboring provinces and countries. Under the Constitution of Canada, provinces exercise jurisdictional control over air, which is considered a natural resource. Provinces have the power to delegate this responsibility to different municipalities and regional governments, but municipal governments have very limited powers to make substantive changes to things like transboundary pollution. In the GTHA, the City of Toronto's air pollution and traffic congestion problems are caused not only by its own residents, but also by commuters from neighboring municipalities and regions such as the City of Hamilton to the west and the Greater Toronto Area. Durham to the east. Considering that environmental problems are not always localized, Hay (1994) emphasizes the need for interstate measures (p. 221-222). The author also argues that the state is the main factor preventing a response to the crisis (p. 217-218), or in this case, a serious problem of congestion and air pollution, so residents must influence it. .... middle of document......the_TTC/Commission_reports_and_information/Commission_meetings/2013/March_27/Reports/New_Business_Fine_fo.pdfLudwig, D., Hilborn, R. and Walters, C. (1993). Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Ecological Applications, 3(4), 547-549. Ministry of Transport. (2013). Electric vehicle and charging incentive programs. Retrieved from http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicule/electric/electric-vehicles.shtml Moloney, P. (April 26, 2010). One minute of inactivity could cost you $125. The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/news/city_hall/2010/04/26/a_minutes_idle_could_cost_you_125.htmlToronto Region Chamber of Commerce. (2013). A green light to move the Toronto region: funding the expansion of public transportation. Retrieved from http://letsbreakthegridlock.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/discussion_paper_march15.pdf