Anion Gap is the difference between the level of anions and the level of cations in the body fluid of the organism. Common cations measured are sodium ions and potassium ions, but potassium ions are generally not included in the calculation due to their very low amount in human body fluid (Emmett and Narins, 1977, p. 38). Common anions used in calculating the anion gap are the chloride ion and the bicarbonate ion. The calculation of the anion gap is as follows:[(Na2+ + K+) − (Cl- + HCO3- )](Wilson, 2012, p. 907)Usually the potassium ion is not included due to its low concentration and its stable quantity. Therefore, the calculation is adjusted as follows: [(Na2+) − (Cl- + HCO3- )] (Emmett and Narins, 1977, pp. 38) The normal anion gap level is between 3 and 11 mEq/L ( Winter and Pearson et al., 1990, p. Higher range will result in high anion gap, resulting in metabolic acidosis Metabolic acidosis caused acidification of body fluids due to high amount of anions and. of a low concentration of bicarbonate ions (Alpern and Moe et al., 2012, p. 2049) There are two types of metabolic acidosis, high anion gap metabolic acidosis and normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. .High anion gap metabolic acidosis. High anion gap metabolic acidosis, usually caused by a “foreign” anion within the human fluid. This situation could be due to the accumulation of organic acid such as. lactic acid Examples of acidosis are lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis (Oh and Carroll, 1977, pp. 815). Given the case study of Patient A, a 32-year-old man who has been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes since the age of 14. This patient was transported to the hospital due to several symptoms including drowsiness, fever, cough, abdominal pain and vomiting. This patient also experiences dehydration and has a pulse...... middle of paper ......encesAlpern, RJ, Moe, OW and Caplan, M. 2012. Seldin and Giebisch's the Kidney. San Diego: Academic Press [Legal notices]. Costanzo, LS 2012. Physiology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. Costanzo, LS 2009. Physiology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Emmett, M. and Narins, RG 1977. Clinical use of the anion gap. Medicine, 56 (1), pp. 38--54.Katsilambros, N. 2011. Diabetic emergencies. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. Oh, MS and Carroll, HJ 1977. The anion gap. The New England journal of medicine, 297 (15), pp. 814--817. Wilson, DA 2012. Clinical Veterinary Advisor. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. Winter, SD, Pearson, JR, Gabow, PA, Schultz, AL and Lepoff, RB 1990. The fall in the serum anion gap. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150 (2), p.. 311.