Genetic fingerprinting, also known as DNA typing, is the analysis of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) samples by isolation and separation. This identification technique is called "fingerprinting" because, like a real fingerprint, it is very unlikely that anyone else in the world has the same pattern. Only a small sample of cells is needed to perform a successful genetic fingerprint. The root of a hair, a single drop of blood or a few skin cells are enough to perform a DNA test. DNA fingerprinting has many uses, some of which include crime scene investigations and paternity cases. A British geneticist, Sir Alec Jefferys, is credited with developing the technique of DNA fingerprinting on September 10, 1984. Alec Jefferys was studying at the University of Leicester at the time of his development of this technique. Jefferys noticed the existence of certain DNA strand sequences, or minisatellites, that do not contribute to the function of a gene but are duplicated within the gene. Jefferys also concluded that each organism has a unique pattern of these minisatellites and that the only exception was identical twins or multiple individuals hatching from the same egg. The procedure for making and creating a DNA fingerprint involves obtaining a few cells containing DNA, removing the DNA from them, and then isolating and cleaning the DNA. Restriction enzymes then cut the DNA at certain points, leaving DNA fragments of different lengths. These DNA fragments are then sorted in a process called gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is performed by injecting the DNA fragments into a gel (agarose) and then passing an electric current through the gel, causing the fragments to move, the shorter the fragment, the further it travels . The gel is...... middle of paper......determines whether a product is fresh or processed. This can be derived from PCR tests because PCR test results are close to 100% sensitivity and specificity. Another application of PCR involves a crime scene investigation in New Jersey in 1994. The criminal's DNA was old and was not as reliable or as abundant as it should have been. The forensic pathologist assigned to the case used PCR to replicate his old, rare DNA into fresh, abundant DNA that was then used to identify and lock up the criminal. Advances in biotechnology make it possible to bring justice to those who deserve it, but can also help us in paternity cases or help prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Advances in biotechnology are improving the world as a whole, making it a healthier and safer place to live. DNA fingerprinting, along with PCR, is almost 100% accurate and has many applications..