The events throughout this chapter should leave the reader with a feeling of disbelief and inspire them to question Leibniz's philosophy. The irony displayed in the shipwreck was later exaggerated by Pangloss's explanation of James' death in Lisbon Bay. Voltaire used descriptive words such as flames and upside-down painted images on readers, leading them to wonder how is this the best possible outcome? The combination of the lack of rationality in Pangloss's sulfurous explanation with the grotesque behavior of the sailors completed the attack on the Enlightenment period and their vision of optimism. As all these examples and literary devices produced a chapter full of satirical examples that left the reader stunned by its