Objectives• Assess the difficulty of mining and reclamation• Calculate the costs, expenses, revenues and profits of a practical mining exercise• To assess the effectiveness of reclamation and its incremental costs to mining• To describe the increasing scarcity of certain non-renewable mineral resourcesIntroductionMinerals play an important role in our daily lives, but we often don't think twice not how the minerals are obtained. Minerals are scattered all over the world, like all other resources. Due to natural processes of magma flow, hydrothermal gradients, sedimentation and evaporation, minerals are concentrated in various areas of the earth's crust. Obtaining these minerals for human use involves four general steps: • Locating the minerals • Next, extracting the minerals from the Earth as ore or rock • Next, processing (smelting) the ore to separate impurities of the desired mineral• Finally , creating a useful product from the mineralsProcedure1. The area to be exploited was decided and purchased on credit. Selected area and cost are shown below: Chips Ahoy™: $5,002. Then mining equipment was rented. No hands were used for the extraction process. Mining equipment costs are $2.00 Flat toothpick $5.00 Round toothpick $5.00 Paperclip $7.00 Note: Replacement cost for broken tools is double the rental price .3. After purchasing the land (cookie) and materials, the cookie was placed on graph paper and its outline was traced. Then the initial topography of the region was determined and recorded (turn the cookie on its side and draw the side view).4. The cost of mining and reclamation of my land (labor, etc.) was $2.00/minute. Mining and reclamation was timed.5. The work was carried out on ...... middle of paper ...... is this additional expense necessary? Why or why not? Yes, this additional expense is necessary and mining affects the plant and animal population, the hydrological cycle. And it is necessary to maintain this for sustainable development.Q5. Would you change your mining techniques in this activity? Why or why not? Have you been “caught” by “officials”? No, I would not want to change my mining technique in this business because I was able to extract minerals in record time. I have not been arrested by any official.Q6. The average copper ore mined in 1900 contained five percent copper by weight. Copper ore mined in 1990 contained approximately 0.5 percent copper by weight. What factors could explain this difference? The different activities that could explain this difference are:1. Constant mining activity in this area.2. Mineral depletion.3. Inappropriate land rehabilitation.