Most of the hospital's medical equipment was destroyed. With no special help from the Japanese or American governments, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki had to care for their survivors as best they could. Their burns often required years of treatment and, due to their exposure to radiation, many cancers developed, including leukemia. The intense heat of the atomic explosion, which raised surface temperatures less than a mile from the hypocenter to more than 1,000 degrees F, melted the ceramic bottles and bowls into distorted masses. Because dark colors absorb heat and light colors reflect it, the burns on a victim's skin match the patterns on their kimono. The incredibly bright burst of light produced excruciating flash burns on the exposed flesh. General Dwight Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, saw this; “By August 1945, Japan was ready to surrender, that an Allied invasion would not be necessary, and that the United States should not have used such a horrible weapon.” (Lawson