Praxis ReviewGeneral Testing InformationProfessional Assessments for Beginning Teachers or Praxis are administered through Educational Testing Services and are currently the most popular norm-referenced test in use (Brown , 2008). The Praxis Series tests measure important content knowledge and skills required for teaching (Educational Testing Service, 2010). Each of the tests reflects what is considered important for new teachers, as reflected by practitioners across the United States. Praxis I covers assessments of academic skills, while Praxis II covers subject assessments (Brown, 2008). Tests include both multiple choice and constructed response (CR) or essay (Sergi, 2001). The Praxis I is used by many institutions as a means of assessing candidates for entry into teacher training programs (ETS, 2010). The Praxis II test is used for initial teacher licensing as well as at various stages of a teacher's career. ScoringTests consisting of only multiple-choice items receive a raw score based on correct answers on the test (ETS, 2011). No penalty is imposed for incorrect answers. Constructed-response-only tests receive a raw score from a composite of scores on individual items. Each item is read and scored by two trained scorers who score according to a rubric and the sum of the scores constitutes the raw score for the item. For tests including both question types, the raw scores are a weighted composite of the multiple choice raw score and the individual constructed response scores. Although a score earned by a person in one state has the same meaning as a person taking the same test in another state, passing scores vary from state to state (ETS, 2010). Although Praxis test results are transferable across... middle of paper ... and this continues at the entry level, states need to think about building structures to ensure growth intellectuality of teachers (Mitchell, Barth, 1999). . States should also consider aligning their standards for teachers and increasing their passing scores to be more unified. However, there is insufficient reliability or validity evidence, outside of test content, to assert that the test accurately measures its constructs. After consulting several academic databases, including EBSCO and ERIC, there is little evidence demonstrating validity other than content. When researching the Burrows Institute for a test journal of Praxis, they noted that the journals are not available because the material provided by ETS is insufficient. Reviews were available of the National Teacher Examination, which is the test replaced by Praxis; however, the test has changed significantly.