This essay will highlight the differences between the modern Cartesian subject and the subject of postmodernity which reflect the transformation of the subject through different eras. The essay will examine the meditations and works of Descartes and Nietzsche. The essay will provide evidence and provide insight into the main difference between the medieval subject and the Cartesian subject: the idea of ​​self-consciousness or God-replacing consciousness. The essay will develop the understanding of modernity as well as postmodernity, the juxtapositions of which exist in each school of thought, while tracing the history of both theories on how the systems of thought came to understand religion and politics. The notion of modernity, it could be argued, first manifested by the French philosopher Descartes who put forward the idea of ​​medieval man who looks critically at God and the world in order to find its absolute truths. Furthermore, the idea of ​​postmodernity “refutes” the idea of ​​an absolute as proposed by the Cartesian school of thought. The postmodern subject therefore places greater emphasis on relative knowledge or understanding, which dismisses absolute truths, the primary subject of the human subject, and meta-narratives about society and the universe. (R. Descartes, 1947). Postmodernity also places importance on the idea that society is primarily characterized by social division and identity politics. (R. Descartes, 1947).The thought of medieval man on the universeIn the Middle Ages, people mainly believed in divinity and in the predetermined existence of humanity with God as an omniscient, omnipotent and omnibenevolent force. The notion of self-identity was inconceiva...... middle of paper ...... (Dreyfus and Kelly, 2011, 12). Therefore, the only thing that was inferred as the only certain truth was in one's ability to think and therefore, unknowingly, question the "absolute" position and nature of religion, ultimately questioning the existence of God. Works Cited Tarnas, R (1991). The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our Worldviews. London: Ballantine Books. 68.90. Ferry, L (2010). Learn to live. Edinburgh: Canongate. 18.Descartes,R (1647). Meditations on first philosophy. London: Cambridge University Press. 46. ​​Eagleton, T. (2007) The Meaning of Life (Oxford) Lent, A (1993). New political thought. London: Lawrence & Wishart Limited. 32.Mcgratgh,A (2004). Twilight of atheism. New York: WaterBrook Press. 45-52. Dreyfus, H and Kelly, S (2011). Everything shines. new york: free press. 30-36.