ban revival 1000/1215 AD The early Middle Ages are generally recognized as a period of decline and stagnation. In the years following the fall of the Roman Empire in 474 AD, the West is generally considered by historians. as underdeveloped, compared to the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. However, between 1000 and 1215 AD, Western Europe began a series of profound changes. The period of tribal migration, war and colonization diminishes; this period gives way to a more stable system of emerging nation-states. It now became possible for growing states to raise taxes, such as the Norman Poll tax, thanks to the development of the cash economy, as well as technical advances in agriculture and social changes. Together with population expansion, this led to Western Europe evolving into a merchant base, manufacturing industry and agricultural production to match, and even surpass in terms of trade, the Eastern Empire of Constantinople. and the Islamic caliphates. The growing population founded new cities. New cities such as Venice, Italy and Lübeck, Germany, would have a significant impact on the future development of pan-European trade. The first and perhaps most important aspect of change that occurred between AD 1000 and 1215 was climate change. the weather had begun to improve from the 8th century onwards, the more temperate, warmer and drier weather than in the previous three centuries had a direct effect on the predominantly agrarian societies of medieval Europe. The temperate climate extended the growing season, which was accompanied by an increase in agricultural yields. The expansion of agricultural production was also the result of new agricultural techniques, the most significant of which was the three-field system...... middle of article ......f Medieval Europe. (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2003). Bishop, Morris, the Middle Ages. (American Heritage, New York, 2001). Cantor, Norman F, Civilization of the Middle Ages. (Harper Perennial, New York, 1993)Duby, Georges, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West. (1968). Gimpel, Jean, the Medieval Machine. (Victor Gollancz, London, 1997). Herrin, Judith, Byzantium. (Penguin Books, London, 2008). Postan, MM, medieval economy and society. (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1972). Pounds, NJG, An Economic History of Medieval Europe. (Longman, Harlow, Essex, 1994). Rosenwein, Barbara H, A Brief History of the Middle Ages Volume 1. (Broadview Press, Peterborough, Ontario, 2004). Slocum, Kay, Medieval Civilization. (Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 2005). Spufford, Peter, Money and its Use in Medieval Europe. (Cambridge University Press,