There is distress associated with their early weaning, their transportation under unusual and difficult conditions, their housing in cages for most of their lives and to their restraint during testing procedures - such as strapping a primate to a chair. Then there is the testing procedure itself which involves administering a drug or chemical, or performing a surgical procedure. It is not a hidden fact that some animals must deal with pain and long-term health and emotional problems to obtain medical results, as in toxicity testing, a test to determine whether a substance is toxic or not for a human. In a toxicity test, an animal will experience no pain and survive, minimal/excruciating pain and survive, or pain and death. However, although many animals experience pain and displeasure during medical examinations and use, not all