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  • Essay / Global Navigation Satellite Systems - 1058

    Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) provide navigation data for aviation and various other applications. Today, two satellite constellations are primarily used for navigation purposes. These are the Global Positioning System (GPS) provided by the United States and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) provided by the Russian Federation [1]. GPS and GLONASS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km and 19,100 km respectively. These satellites mainly transmit the timing and a data message consisting of its orbital parameters which are received by the GNSS receivers to calculate the distance from the satellite, which will further provide relative three-dimensional position and time from the satellites. Many other states offer their own regional satellite navigation systems. Europe is proposing a European Geostationary Navigation Service (EGNOS), Japan is moving forward with a Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) and India is aiming to have its own regional satellite navigation systems dubbed GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) by the end. of the year 2014. This will help provide more accurate and advanced navigation. Thus, the global nature of GNSS requires close coordination among all states. Data from satellite navigation systems can also be used for trains, buses and other locomotives. Additionally, navigation data is also important for military personnel at war and on battlefields. Thus, high-speed and accurate satellite navigation systems are becoming a necessity of the future. However, there are many challenges to achieve rapid and accurate results...... middle of article......ng, Peng Chen, Wei Hong, T. Djerafi, and Ke Wu, " Substrate Integrated Waveguide Beamforming Arrays and Multibeam Arrays Antenna Arrays for Low-Cost Satellite and Mobile Systems,” Antennas and Propagation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 18-30, 2011.[7] S. Sugawara, Y. Maita, K. Adachi, and K. Mizuno, “Characteristics of a millimeter-wave tapered slot antenna with wavy edges,” in Proceedings IEEE MTT-S Microwave Symposium Digest, 1998, pp. 533-536.[8] T. Djerafi and K. Wu, “Corrugated substrate integrated waveguide antipodal linear cone slot antenna array fed by a quasi-triangular power divider,” PIER C, Vol. 26, pages 139-151, 2012.[9] P. Shrivastava, D. Chandra, N. Tiwari, and T. Rama Rao, “Investigations on Ripple Issues in SIW-Based Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna for 60 GHz Wireless Networks,” ACES Journal, flight. 28, no. 10, pp... 960-067, 2013.