Privacy ConcernsMost studies have shown that popular opinion holds that national DNA databases have undoubtedly proven useful in criminal investigations (Wallace , 2006, pS27). The concept of a national DNA database has raised concerns about privacy and human rights in the context of public safety. All of these concerns are heightened by the fact that the databases include convicted, arrested, innocent and “rehabilitated” offenders (Suter, 2010, p339). Robin Williams of Duham University (2006) states that: "The rapid implementation and continued expansion of forensic DNA databases around the world has been supported by claims regarding their effectiveness in criminal investigations and challenged by claims that they could constitute an intrusion into the privacy of individuals” (p545).To determine the balance between privacy protection and public safety, legislation must answer many questions, including ( but not limited to): when should a sample be taken and by whom, is consent required, is force always acceptable to obtain a sample, and which samples should be retained? Dr. Katina Michael pointed out some cases that constitute acceptable collection and storage of DNA samples (Table 4). The United States, England and Wales have legislation authorizing the collection of DNA from people arrested for violating certain federal criminal laws and the inclusion of all profiles in the national database. DNA. The main concerns relate to these legal authorizations regarding a person's privacy and lawful searches and seizures of biological samples. For many countries like the United States, it is necessary to pass special legislation, which has led to delays in the implementation of DNA databases (Goodwin, et al., 2007, p102). In the United States...... middle of article ......data from law enforcement databases” for those who have been acquitted or whose convictions have been overturned; there is no reference to physical DNA samples (Lwin, 2010, p21). Historically, legislative proposals have provided for indefinite retention of evidentiary DNA samples, but the United States, unlike England and Wales, does not refer to periods of retention of genetic information after the completion of the punishment. Individuals may be concerned about personal genetic identifiers if the physical sample is retained after completion of sentence, acquittal, or if found innocent (Congressional Research Service, 2010, pp13-14; Beiber, 2002, p14). Studies claim that the method of sample collection, accreditation of agencies collecting samples, legislative limits on retention periods for biometric information, and emphasis on balancing privacy and crime deterrence will structure a successful DNA database model..