Their views differ so much from those of the classical theorist. This is probably why their theories were not accepted. Charles Buckman Goring published his 1913 study The English Convict: A Statistical Study, in which he highlighted the failure of Lombroso's research. He did not try to deny his findings. He only wanted to declare to the world that the methods Lombroso used to conduct his research were not necessarily scientific or empirical; meaning much more research would need to be done to validate his theories. (Mutchnick, Martin, Austin, 2009, p.29). Over the years, there has been little evidence that DNA can actually be used to determine and group offenders. However, the positivist approach led to the creation of probation and parole programs and to targeting individualized treatment to the needs of individuals.