I. IntroductionThe history of Sino-Soviet relations dates back hundreds of years, beginning with the first Mongol invasion and devastation of the principalities of Kievan Rus in the mid-13th century. In time, the rise of the Russian Empire and Tsarist rule reversed the infrastructural and cultural destruction caused by the Mongol hordes; By the advent of the 20th century, the reformed Russian state had begun to encroach on Chinese territory while exerting a very strong and influential hold over the slowly collapsing Chinese imperial regime. However, with the success of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the creation of the Soviet Union and the establishment of a communist government and administration, the nature of Sino-Soviet relations transformed, beginning with a temporary easing of pressure as Russia faced a crisis. intranational conflict. The Soviet state's reorganized international ideology presented China with distinct foreign policy changes. As China experienced a similar internal revolution regarding communism and the continuation of the current national government, many Chinese adhered to Soviet principles of denouncing capitalist intentions while promoting ethnic nationalism. Additionally, the endorsement of a global revolution led to the development of friendly relations between the Soviet government and Chinese nationalist forces; thus, the Soviets urged the Chinese Communist Party to unite with the nationalists. While this notion was eviscerated by Chiang Kai-Shek with the Shanghai Massacre of 1927, the USSR secretly provided aid to the Communist Party through COMINTERN until the declaration of the new People's Republic of China (PRC) by Mao Zedon. .... middle of paper ......9 due to the Soviet agenda of pushing for a principled agreement or non-aggression pact while the PRC denies the substance of these concessions stating that Nothing can be accomplished before the border dispute is resolved. Meanwhile, both countries were unsettled by their respective relations with the United States: the Soviet Union with Nixon's visit to Beijing in 1972 and China with the growing détente fueled by the Soviet-American Salt I Accords. Additionally, the North Vietnamese victory against the democratic West in the Vietnam War, while a great victory for the communist world, caused a new rift in Sino-Soviet relations as this historically anti-Chinese region s The Soviets are appeased. The Sino-Japanese treaty of 1978 and the invasion of Vietnam and Afghanistan in 1979 by China and the Soviet Union respectively widened the Sino-Soviet divide even further..