They bred in the wild and began to become a nuisance to Europeans and natives alike by destroying agricultural plants and oyster beds. livestock put increased pressure on local pastures, allowing the growth of tougher European weeds and grasses. This led to a less conducive environment for plants and ultimately reduced the soil's ability to retain water. In less than a century, New England's ecosystem had changed permanently and would never return to normal. The ecological changes mentioned throughout this book, although cultural, were either economic or environmental: the dandelion, the fence, the arrival of pigs, etc. were just a revelation to shed light on the complex process and changes brought about by the arrival of Europeans. America. However, these complex changes and, in general, European settlement can only be fully understood by understanding the effects of New England Indians and Europeans on their ecosystem. The book also goes on to show the genesis of New England's environmental problems, for example erosion, deforestation and climate change; which are just some of the factors that we still have to face until today. This book indeed fulfills the author's thesis. I recommend this book because it really seems to prove how what the current generation is doing today can affect our