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  • Essay / Modernism and existentialism - 1741

    However, unlike Hediger, Sartre divides being into two main types, being in itself and being for itself. Being in itself refers to an existence equivalent to the object itself (Sartre, 1943: 313). The existence of a certain object is decided by its own existence but does not rely on external identification or judgment. In another way, being for oneself is decided and identified by the subjective consciousness of humans. So, since the substance of consciousness consists of consciousness itself, the human being is eternal and transcends itself. Consequently, in Sartre's theory, the human transcends itself in its being forever and cannot occupy the being of itself, which implies that "existence precedes essence", as Sartre says ( Sartre, 1943: 315). In general, relying on Christian existentialism which recognizes externally spiritual existence, Sartre asserts that the human being exists and appears before the demonstration of human substance, which shows that, according to Sartre, the human being is essentially the primary being and the non-existence of “me” means the non-existence of anything else. Following this logic, Sartre raises that it is “me”, the demonstration of “being” consciousness, which decides the nature of the “me”. Furthermore, Sartre